Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vascular dysfunction in mice with renovascular hypertension

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31799

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) Reactivity Assessment. This figure delineates the evaluation of mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) reactivity, specifically illustrating the contractility response to sympathetic stimulation (Phenylephrine, PE), as well as endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) across diverse experimental groups. Panel (A, B) represents the control group (C57BL/6J), while panel (C, D) shows C57BL/6J mice subjected to 2K1C surgery. Panel (E, F) displays C57BL/6J mice subjected to 2K1C for four weeks and treated with anti-PDCA-1 for one week. MRA reactivity was thoroughly evaluated in all groups of mice (n = 5) under different conditions, including those with and without ER stress inhibitor (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid: Tudca), autophagy inhibitor (Chloroquine: Chl), and mTOR signaling inhibitor (Rapamycin: Rap). The data presented in this figure provide valuable insights into the vascular response in the context of the experimental manipulations and treatments, shedding light on the potential involvement of ER stress, autophagy, and mTOR signaling pathways in mediating the observed reactivity changes. ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05 for 2K1C vs. control and 2K1C + anti-mPDCA-1. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was applied. ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05 for C57BL/6J vs 2K1C vs 2K1C + anti-PDCA-1.

Article Snippet: To determine the impact of autophagy, ER stress, and mTOR pathways in endothelial cell function, we isolated arteries from each group and incubated them with the following inhibitors: tauroursodeoxycholic acid (Tudca: ER Stress inhibitor) Dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Chem-Impex Int'l INC. Cat#29195, Lot# 002129–20131118; chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor, dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Alfa Aesar, Cat: J64459, Lot: Z23G009); or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor, dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Abcam, Cat:ab120224, Lot: APN13087-1-1).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM

Article Title: Swertianlarin, an Herbal Agent Derived from Swertia mussotii Franch, Attenuates Liver Injury, Inflammation, and Cholestasis in Common Bile Duct-Ligated Rats

doi: 10.1155/2015/948376

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alterations of serum bile salts by swertianlarin in BDL rats. (a) The concentrations of serum CDCA and TCDCA in sham operated rats and BDL rats with or without swertianlarin for 3, 7, and 14 d. (b) The changes in serum bile salts CA and TCA in sham operated, BDL with swertianlarin, and BDL without swertianlarin groups for 3, 7, and 14 d. (c) The determination of serum DCA and TDCA in sham operated rats and BDL rats treated with or without swertianlarin after 3, 7, and 14 d. (d) Serum TUDCA, (e) T α / β MCA, and (f) α MCA and β MCA were measured in sham operated group, BDL with swertianlarin group, and BDL without swertianlarin group for 3, 7, and 14 d. Data were analyzed as described in Materials and Methods. * P < 0.05 versus sham group with saline; # P < 0.05, versus BDL group with saline. n = 7 per group. Saline, 1% Tween-20 saline; swertianlarin dissolved in 1% Tween-20 saline.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of serum bile acids chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), cholic acid (CA), taurocholic acid (TCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), taurodeoxycholic acid A (TDC), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), tauro-alpha/beta-muricholic acid (T α / β MCA), alpha-muricholic acid ( α MCA), and beta-muricholic acid ( β MCA) levels, serum lipid triglyceride hydrolase (Tgh), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured by standard enzymatic assays using commercial kits purchased from BlueGene Biotech (Shanghai, China), according to the manufacturer's protocol as described previously [ , ].

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)

Article Title: Mitofusin 1 and 2 overexpression reduces AβO-mediated ER stress and apoptosis in N2a APPswe cells.

doi: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.7.2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Aβ upregulates the levels of ER stress-related proteins and ER expansion. (a) The levels of ER stress-related proteins (BiP, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, p-IRE1α, IRE1α, ATF4, and CHOP) were evaluated by western blot analysis in N2a cells cultured for 12–24 h and in APP swe cells cultured for 12 h and 24 h. The graphs show quantification of BiP/β-actin, p-IRE1α/IRE1α, p-eIF2α/eIF2α, ATF4/β-actin, and CHOP/β-actin. (b) N2a APPswe cells were treated with TUDCA (150 μM), and the levels of proteins related to ER stress were determined by western blotting. The graphs display the quantification of BiP/β- actin, p-IRE1α/IRE1α, p-eIF2α/eIF2α, ATF4/β-actin, and CHOP/β- actin. (c) LDH assay-based cell toxicity in N2a, APPswe, and TUD CA-treated APPswe cells. (d) ER morphologies were observed under a confocal microscope using ER-Tracker™-Red fluorescent dye and Hoechst stain; scale bar = 5 μm. The data are presented as means ± the SD (n ≥ 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Tunicamycin (Tm) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) were purchased from Merck (Rahway, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Cell Culture, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay, Microscopy, Staining

Journal: World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG

Article Title: Serum bile acid profiling reflects enterohepatic detoxification state and intestinal barrier function in inflammatory bowel disease

doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.3134

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum bile acids and conjugates in CD, UC and control cohorts (nmol/L)

Article Snippet: Materials for BA analysis Cholic acid (CA), CDCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), LCA, UDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) standard substances, as well as deuterated BA internal standard (IS) substances (D 4 -CA, -CDCA, -DCA, -LCA, -UDCA, -GCA, -GCDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany), Steraloids Inc. (Newport, RI, USA), Campro Scientific GmbH (Berlin, Germany), Larodan Fine Chemicals AB (Malmø, Sweden), and were at least of 95% purity.

Techniques: Control

Journal: World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG

Article Title: Serum bile acid profiling reflects enterohepatic detoxification state and intestinal barrier function in inflammatory bowel disease

doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.3134

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of extraintestinal manifestations on serum bile acids and conjugates in UC cohorts (nmol/L)

Article Snippet: Materials for BA analysis Cholic acid (CA), CDCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), LCA, UDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) standard substances, as well as deuterated BA internal standard (IS) substances (D 4 -CA, -CDCA, -DCA, -LCA, -UDCA, -GCA, -GCDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany), Steraloids Inc. (Newport, RI, USA), Campro Scientific GmbH (Berlin, Germany), Larodan Fine Chemicals AB (Malmø, Sweden), and were at least of 95% purity.

Techniques:

Journal: World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG

Article Title: Serum bile acid profiling reflects enterohepatic detoxification state and intestinal barrier function in inflammatory bowel disease

doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.3134

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of surgical interventions on serum bile acids and conjugates in CD cohorts (nmol/L)

Article Snippet: Materials for BA analysis Cholic acid (CA), CDCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), LCA, UDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) standard substances, as well as deuterated BA internal standard (IS) substances (D 4 -CA, -CDCA, -DCA, -LCA, -UDCA, -GCA, -GCDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany), Steraloids Inc. (Newport, RI, USA), Campro Scientific GmbH (Berlin, Germany), Larodan Fine Chemicals AB (Malmø, Sweden), and were at least of 95% purity.

Techniques: